An individual's own perception of their overall health is an indicator of general health, which not only encompasses the absence of disease or injury but also physical, mental, and social well-being. At a population-level, self-reported health status predicts help-seeking behaviours and health service use.^[46,47] Factors that may influence an individual's rating of their overall health include their physical health, health behaviours, demographics, as well as socioeconomic and psychosocial factors.^[47]

Good mental health allows people to enjoy life, cope with stress, and bounce back from major setbacks. Just like physical health, good mental health is a resource for everyday living.

At the population-level, poor self-reported mental health can be used to estimate the prevalence of mental health concerns that may affect health service utilization.^[47,48]

Mother and newborn health are key indicators of the health and well-being of families and the overall population. Pregnancy and childbirth have a major impact on the physical, mental, emotional, and socioeconomic health of pregnant people and their families. Pregnancy-related health outcomes are influenced by the person's general health and other factors like income, age, race, and ethnicity. Factors related to newborn health, such as birth weight, are key determinants of infant and childhood health, as well as growth, cognitive development, and health later in life.^[49] Children’s experiences in their early years have long-lasting implications for the health and well-being of both themselves and society.^[50] Collectively, these factors are important predictors of public health issues related to pregnancy, healthcare during pregnancy, and post-partum health and nutrition.^[49]